I think you are misunderstanding a fundamental requirement...time. You asked if you could re-use the soil and got some excellent replies. Short answer is absolutely. You definitely won't have to enough to immediately reuse for your next grow however. But you have the right idea about buying some more dirt. And a container with a lid. And maybe some worms if you're daring. So here's an easy plan for you moving forward.But it looks like going forward, I might as well buy a new bag of dirt each time I do a new plant.
Buy 2x bags of dirt...if you are planning a grow in the next 2 months make it three bags.
Buy a plastic container with a lid (if you need to keep this inside) and put the root ball and ned dirt in there.
Moisten all of it with water and let sit.
If you want, you can buy some red wrigglers online and add them into the mix. (They will make the root ball breakdown faster and make regular bag soil into magic soil.) They eat coffee grounds and vegetable peelings.
Three months from now you can use that soil, grow an even healthier, bigger plant, and then when she is done drop the root ball in the same container.
Rinse and repeat.
It's easy and only takes a small amount of planning ahead.