Jimbo
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Background on the Hemp Food Controversy The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) originally published a rule regarding industrial hemp products in the Federal Register on October 9, 2001, which was effective immediately. Without any compelling reason or the required public notice and comment period, the DEA issued an Interpretive Rule banning hemp seed and oil food products that contain any amount of trace residual THC. In response, the Hemp Industries Association (HIA) and several other plaintiffs filed an "Urgent Motion for Stay" of the DEA interpretive rule, and on March 7, 2002, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay of the interpretive rule. The stay remained in effect and hemp foods continued to be sold at thousands of locations across the country while the case was litigated.
Also on October 9, the DEA issued an Interim Rule exempting hemp body care and fiber products from DEA control and a Proposed Rule which would add language to the Controlled Substances Act making hemp food products illegal to sell or posess if they contained "any" THC.
After extensive meetings and discussions with most of the major hemp food companies, it became clear that according to the official Health Canada testing protocol these hemp food companies' products generally did not have any detectable THC and should therefore remain perfectly legal for resale and consumption.
However, since the DEA had not specified a detection protocol and a corresponding de minimus limit of detection, companies had no way of knowing for sure if their products would be legal under the DEA's new rules.
Hemp seeds and oil have absolutely no psychoactive effect, and are about as likely to be abused as poppy seed bagels for their trace opiate content or fruit juices for their trace alcohol content (present through natural fermentation). Furthermore, the hemp industry has established the science-based TestPledge program. TestPledge companies clean their seed and oil to assure consumers a wide margin of safety from falsely confirming positive in a workplace drug-test even when eating an unrealistic amount of hemp food daily. The DEA's actions were especially puzzling, as they had not targeted poppy seed manufacturers for the trace opiates present in their products. In fact, the U.S. government raised drug-test thresholds for opiates in the 1990's to accommodate the poppy seed industry.
On March 21, 2003, the DEA published two new Final rules regarding industrial hemp products in the Federal Register, which were scheduled to go into effect on April 21, 2003. Despite overwhelming opposition, the DEA issued a Final Clarification Rule banning hemp seed and oil food products that contain any amount of trace residual THC. The DEA also issued a Final Interim Rule exempting hemp body care and fiber products from DEA control; however, this rule did not allow hemp seed and oil to be imported for processing and manufacturing in the U.S. thereby effectively destroying body care manufacturers' ability to obtain the hemp oil they need to make their products.
On March 28, 2003, the Hemp Industries Association, several hemp food and body care companies and the Organic Consumers Association filed an Urgent Motion for Stay in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. The industry was optimistic that the Court would grant the Stay, given previous Court action on the issue. In the meantime, the law of the land affirming hemp food's legality remained in effect.
On February 6, 2004 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous decision in favor of the HIA in which Judge Betty Fletcher wrote, "[T]hey (DEA) cannot regulate naturally-occurring THC not contained within or derived from marijuana-i.e. non-psychoactive hemp is not included in Schedule I. The DEA has no authority to regulate drugs that are not scheduled, and it has not followed procedures required to schedule a substance. The DEA's definition of "THC" contravenes the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and cannot be upheld". On September 28, 2004 the HIA claimed victory after DEA declined to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States the ruling from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals protecting the sale of hemp-containing foods. Industrial hemp remains legal for import and sale in the U.S., but U.S. farmers still are not permitted to grow it.
The summary "Agency Issues Legislative Rule in Violation of Administrative Procedures Act" by Harrison M. Pittman of the National Agricultural Law Center is an excellent overview of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in HIA v. DEA.
Hemp and Hemp Seed & Oil Nutrition
Hemp seed is one of nature's most perfect sources for human nutrition. In addition to its excellent flavor profile, the seed supplies all the essential amino acids in an easily digestible form with a high protein efficiency ratio. Hemp oil offers high concentrations of the two essential fatty acids (EFAs) omega-3 and omega-6 in perfect balance. This superior nutritional profile makes shelled hemp seed and oil ideal for a wide range of functional food applications and as an effective fatty acid supplement. Not surprisingly, shelled hemp seed and oil are increasingly used in natural food products, such as corn chips, nutrition bars, hummus, non-dairy milks, pretzels, breads and cereals.
The high and balanced essential fatty acid content of hemp oil also makes it ideal as a topical ingredient in both leave-on and rinse-off body care products. The EFAs help soothe and restore skin in lotions and creams and give excellent emolliency and smooth afterfeel to lotions, lip balms, conditioners, shampoos, soaps and shaving products.
Hemp food and body care products have penetrated the mainstream marketplace. Estimated retail sales for hemp food and body care products in the U.S. exceeded $40 million in 2002, up from less than $1 million in the early 1990s. Sales increased even during the course of the lawsuit, despite the DEA's scare tactics, and rapid growth is expected to continue.
Poppy seeds contain trace opiates, fruit juice contains trace alcohol, hemp seeds contain trace THC. Trace contaminants exist in nature and in our food supply, and our government regulatory agencies set limits to protect consumer health. The hemp industry has responsibly addressed all health, safety and drug-testing issues with a wide margin of safety, and would like to formalize TestPledge standards with governmental sanction. However, the DEA does not want to acknowledge the truth about hemp seed and oil foods: they are a superior nutritional resource for humans.
Hemp offers environmental advantages and has a long history of use for paper, textiles, cordage and birdseed, and is a nutritional food and superior body care ingredient as well. Hemp is now being grown in over 30 countries including Australia, Canada, China, England, France, Germany and Spain. Each of these countries has adopted regulatory models that allow for safe human consumption of hemp products. The U.S. is the only industrialized nation that does not recognize the utility of hemp and allow is growth. Legislation relating to hemp has been passed in numerous states to date. Even the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) has adopted a resolution calling for changes to federal laws to allow for domestic hemp cultivation.
The DEA's new rules would have caused substantial harm to hemp businesses and consumers alike and were not based on any real threat or abuse potential. Like poppy seed, hemp seed is clearly exempted from the Controlled Substances Act by Congress. See 21 U.S.C. §802(16), (19) and (20).
We need to let Congress know that the DEA's actions were wrong and educate them about the benefits of hemp. Please take a moment to write Congress today by clicking here to send a pre-written email, fax or letter.
The industry spent over $200,000 fighting the DEA over hemp food. Please make a donation to Vote Hemp now to help cover our legal expenses. Click here to donate now.
Then, we request that you vote with your wallet and buy as much nutritious hemp food as you can from your local retailer or the companies listed at TestPledge. Hemp seed is a phenomenal omega-3/omega-6 EFA resource, with all essential amino acids and marvelous flavor. Please support the cause and your health.
DEA Rules and Historical Overview: Documents
9th Circuit Orders DEA to Pay Hemp Industry Plaintiff's Legal Bills - February 2, 2005
Hemp Industry Files for Reimbursement of Legal Fees -
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - August 11, 2003
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 30, 2003
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - March 28, 2003
Vote Hemp: Information: Legal Cases: DEA
Also on October 9, the DEA issued an Interim Rule exempting hemp body care and fiber products from DEA control and a Proposed Rule which would add language to the Controlled Substances Act making hemp food products illegal to sell or posess if they contained "any" THC.
After extensive meetings and discussions with most of the major hemp food companies, it became clear that according to the official Health Canada testing protocol these hemp food companies' products generally did not have any detectable THC and should therefore remain perfectly legal for resale and consumption.
However, since the DEA had not specified a detection protocol and a corresponding de minimus limit of detection, companies had no way of knowing for sure if their products would be legal under the DEA's new rules.
Hemp seeds and oil have absolutely no psychoactive effect, and are about as likely to be abused as poppy seed bagels for their trace opiate content or fruit juices for their trace alcohol content (present through natural fermentation). Furthermore, the hemp industry has established the science-based TestPledge program. TestPledge companies clean their seed and oil to assure consumers a wide margin of safety from falsely confirming positive in a workplace drug-test even when eating an unrealistic amount of hemp food daily. The DEA's actions were especially puzzling, as they had not targeted poppy seed manufacturers for the trace opiates present in their products. In fact, the U.S. government raised drug-test thresholds for opiates in the 1990's to accommodate the poppy seed industry.
On March 21, 2003, the DEA published two new Final rules regarding industrial hemp products in the Federal Register, which were scheduled to go into effect on April 21, 2003. Despite overwhelming opposition, the DEA issued a Final Clarification Rule banning hemp seed and oil food products that contain any amount of trace residual THC. The DEA also issued a Final Interim Rule exempting hemp body care and fiber products from DEA control; however, this rule did not allow hemp seed and oil to be imported for processing and manufacturing in the U.S. thereby effectively destroying body care manufacturers' ability to obtain the hemp oil they need to make their products.
On March 28, 2003, the Hemp Industries Association, several hemp food and body care companies and the Organic Consumers Association filed an Urgent Motion for Stay in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. The industry was optimistic that the Court would grant the Stay, given previous Court action on the issue. In the meantime, the law of the land affirming hemp food's legality remained in effect.
On February 6, 2004 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous decision in favor of the HIA in which Judge Betty Fletcher wrote, "[T]hey (DEA) cannot regulate naturally-occurring THC not contained within or derived from marijuana-i.e. non-psychoactive hemp is not included in Schedule I. The DEA has no authority to regulate drugs that are not scheduled, and it has not followed procedures required to schedule a substance. The DEA's definition of "THC" contravenes the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and cannot be upheld". On September 28, 2004 the HIA claimed victory after DEA declined to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States the ruling from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals protecting the sale of hemp-containing foods. Industrial hemp remains legal for import and sale in the U.S., but U.S. farmers still are not permitted to grow it.
The summary "Agency Issues Legislative Rule in Violation of Administrative Procedures Act" by Harrison M. Pittman of the National Agricultural Law Center is an excellent overview of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in HIA v. DEA.
Hemp and Hemp Seed & Oil Nutrition
Hemp seed is one of nature's most perfect sources for human nutrition. In addition to its excellent flavor profile, the seed supplies all the essential amino acids in an easily digestible form with a high protein efficiency ratio. Hemp oil offers high concentrations of the two essential fatty acids (EFAs) omega-3 and omega-6 in perfect balance. This superior nutritional profile makes shelled hemp seed and oil ideal for a wide range of functional food applications and as an effective fatty acid supplement. Not surprisingly, shelled hemp seed and oil are increasingly used in natural food products, such as corn chips, nutrition bars, hummus, non-dairy milks, pretzels, breads and cereals.
The high and balanced essential fatty acid content of hemp oil also makes it ideal as a topical ingredient in both leave-on and rinse-off body care products. The EFAs help soothe and restore skin in lotions and creams and give excellent emolliency and smooth afterfeel to lotions, lip balms, conditioners, shampoos, soaps and shaving products.
Hemp food and body care products have penetrated the mainstream marketplace. Estimated retail sales for hemp food and body care products in the U.S. exceeded $40 million in 2002, up from less than $1 million in the early 1990s. Sales increased even during the course of the lawsuit, despite the DEA's scare tactics, and rapid growth is expected to continue.
Poppy seeds contain trace opiates, fruit juice contains trace alcohol, hemp seeds contain trace THC. Trace contaminants exist in nature and in our food supply, and our government regulatory agencies set limits to protect consumer health. The hemp industry has responsibly addressed all health, safety and drug-testing issues with a wide margin of safety, and would like to formalize TestPledge standards with governmental sanction. However, the DEA does not want to acknowledge the truth about hemp seed and oil foods: they are a superior nutritional resource for humans.
Hemp offers environmental advantages and has a long history of use for paper, textiles, cordage and birdseed, and is a nutritional food and superior body care ingredient as well. Hemp is now being grown in over 30 countries including Australia, Canada, China, England, France, Germany and Spain. Each of these countries has adopted regulatory models that allow for safe human consumption of hemp products. The U.S. is the only industrialized nation that does not recognize the utility of hemp and allow is growth. Legislation relating to hemp has been passed in numerous states to date. Even the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) has adopted a resolution calling for changes to federal laws to allow for domestic hemp cultivation.
The DEA's new rules would have caused substantial harm to hemp businesses and consumers alike and were not based on any real threat or abuse potential. Like poppy seed, hemp seed is clearly exempted from the Controlled Substances Act by Congress. See 21 U.S.C. §802(16), (19) and (20).
We need to let Congress know that the DEA's actions were wrong and educate them about the benefits of hemp. Please take a moment to write Congress today by clicking here to send a pre-written email, fax or letter.
The industry spent over $200,000 fighting the DEA over hemp food. Please make a donation to Vote Hemp now to help cover our legal expenses. Click here to donate now.
Then, we request that you vote with your wallet and buy as much nutritious hemp food as you can from your local retailer or the companies listed at TestPledge. Hemp seed is a phenomenal omega-3/omega-6 EFA resource, with all essential amino acids and marvelous flavor. Please support the cause and your health.
DEA Rules and Historical Overview: Documents
9th Circuit Orders DEA to Pay Hemp Industry Plaintiff's Legal Bills - February 2, 2005
Hemp Industry Files for Reimbursement of Legal Fees -
9th Circuit Denies DEA Petition for Rehearing (PDF file 75k)
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 28, 2004
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 28, 2004
DEA Files Petition for En Banc Rehearing -
9th Circuit Grants Additional Extension to Appeal - May 26, 2004
DEA Files for Additional Extension to Appeal - May 24, 204
9th Circuit Grants Extension to Appeal - April 23, 2004
DEA Files for Extension to Appeal - April 22, 2004
9th Circuit Opinion Invalidating DEA Final Rules (PDF file 71k)
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 6, 2004
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 6, 2004
HIA v. DEA - Oral Arguments (PDF file 93k)
Heard in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - September 17, 2003
Listen to the oral arguments here (Real Audio file)
HIA v. DEA - Petitioners Reply to DEA Reply Brief (PDF file 210k) Heard in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - September 17, 2003
Listen to the oral arguments here (Real Audio file)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - August 11, 2003
HIA v. DEA - DEA Reply to HIA Opening Brief (PDF file 229k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - July 25, 2003
9th Circuit Opinion Invalidating DEA Interpretive Rule (PDF file 80k) Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - July 25, 2003
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 30, 2003
HIA v. DEA - Amicus Curiae Brief filed by DKT Liberty Project in Support of Petitioners (PDF file 138k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 26, 2003
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 26, 2003
HIA v. DEA - Opening Brief Re: DEA's Final Rules (PDF file 334k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 24, 2003
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - June 24, 2003
Court Order Staying DEA Final Clarification Rule (PDF file 29k)
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - April 16, 2003
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - April 16, 2003
HIA Response to DEA Reply (PDF file 182k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - April 14, 2003
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - April 14, 2003
DEA Reply to Petitioners Urgent Motion for Stay (PDF file 1.3m)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - April 9, 2003
Petitioners Urgent Motion for Stay Pending Review (PDF file 137k)Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - April 9, 2003
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - March 28, 2003
DEA Final Clarification Rule (PDF file 118k)
Published in the Federal Register - March 21, 2003
Published in the Federal Register - March 21, 2003
DEA Final Exemption Rule (PDF file 64k)
Published in the Federal Register - March 21, 2003
Published in the Federal Register - March 21, 2003
9th Circuit Order Granting Petitioners Motion to Stay (PDF file 43k)
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - March 7, 2002
Issued by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - March 7, 2002
Dear Colleague Letter to DEA (PDF file 123k)
Sent to the DEA and signed by 22 members of Congress - March 7, 2002
Sent to the DEA and signed by 22 members of Congress - March 7, 2002
Also see letters from Rep. Maurice Hinchey (D-NY), Rep. Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) and Reps. Patsy Mink and Neil Abercrombie (D-HI)
(PDF files 32k, 346k and 27k, respectively)
(PDF files 32k, 346k and 27k, respectively)
Petitioners Reply to DEA Opposition of Emergency Status (PDF file 47k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 22, 2002
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 22, 2002
Includes the declarations of Gero Leson, D Env. and Hawaii
Rep. Cynthia Thielen in support of Emergency Motion
Rep. Cynthia Thielen in support of Emergency Motion
Petitioners Reply to DEA Reply on Opening Brief (PDF file 31k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 20, 2002
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 20, 2002
DEA Reply to Request for Emergency Status (PDF file 28k)
Submitted by the DEA to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 15, 2002
Submitted by the DEA to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 15, 2002
DEA Reply to Petitioners Opening Brief (PDF file 46k)
Submitted by the DEA to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 7, 2002
Submitted by the DEA to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 7, 2002
DEA Grace Period Extension Letter to Court (PDF file 8k)
Submitted by the DEA to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 7, 2002
Submitted by the DEA to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 7, 2002
This is the letter extending the grace period for 40 additional days to
March 18, 2002
March 18, 2002
Petitioners Request for Emergency Status (PDF file 11k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 6, 2002
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - February 6, 2002
Amicus Curiae Brief of the DKT Liberty Project in Support of Petitioners (PDF file 138k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - January 14, 2002
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - January 14, 2002
Petitioners Opening Brief Requesting Review of DEA Rule (PDF file 59k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - January 7, 2002
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - January 7, 2002
Industry Comment Letter to DEA on Proposed Rule (PDF file 80k)
Delivered to the DEA - December 10, 2001
Delivered to the DEA - December 10, 2001
Petitioners Response To DEA Reply (PDF file 20k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - November 15, 2001
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - November 15, 2001
DEA Response to Petitioners Motion for Stay (PDF file 29k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - November 8, 2001
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - November 8, 2001
Petitioners Urgent Motion for Stay Pending Review (PDF file 39k)
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - October 19, 2001
Filed in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals - October 19, 2001
DEA Interpretive Rule (PDF file 105k)
Published in the Federal Register - October 9, 2001
Published in the Federal Register - October 9, 2001
DEA Proposed Rule (PDF file 42k)
Published in the Federal Register - October 9, 2001
Published in the Federal Register - October 9, 2001
DEA Interim Rule (PDF file 53k)
Published in the Federal Register - October 9, 2001
Published in the Federal Register - October 9, 2001
DEA Clarifies Status of Hemp in the Federal Register
DEA Press Release - October 9, 2001
DEA Press Release - October 9, 2001
Vote Hemp: Information: Legal Cases: DEA
